Substantivul in limba engleza – partea 1

Substantivul – partea de vorbire care denumeste un obiect  “table – masa”, o persoana “mother – mama”, un fenomen al naturii  “rain – ploaie”, un loc  “lake – lac” etc

Sunt mai multe tipuri de substantive:

1. ABSTRACTE (abstract nouns) : “hate – ura” “ cowardice – lasitate”; “importance – importanta”

2. CONCRETE (concrete nouns): “ car – masina”; “cat – pisica”; “road – drum”

3. COMUNE (common nouns): “school – scoala”; “shop – magazin” ; “tree – pom”

4. PROPRII (proper nouns): “Bucharest”, “ Tom”; “England”

5. COMPUSE (compound nouns): “ stepmother – mama vitegra”, “school bag – ghiozdan” ; “passer-by – trecator”

6. COLECTIVE (collective nouns): “team – echipa”; “herd – turma”; “family– familie”

7. NUMARABILE (countable nouns): “girl – fata”; “book– carte”; “phone– telefon”

8. NENUMARABILE (uncountable nouns): “money – bani”; “water- apa” ; “love– dragoste”

In general substantivele raspund la intrebarile “what”/”who”:

What is it? – This is a house/car/town.

Who is it? – This is Alex/my friend.

In limba engleza nu facem diferenta intre substantivele feminine si cele masculine atunci cand vorbim de meserii, rolul in familie, societate: cousin, teenager, teacher, doctor, student, friend, colleague si trebuie sa deduci genul din context:

Exemplu: This is my teacher; her name is Anna .

Daca doresti sa diferentiezi clar masculinul de feminin utilizezi in fata lor: “male/female” sau “he/she”.

Mary is not my girlfriend; she is just a female friend;

This she elephant is huge.

Cu toate acestea genul substantivelor (feminin, masculin, neutru) este uneori subliniat de folosirea unor cuvinte diferite:

Masculin		Feminin		Neutru
man	barbat	woman	femeie	person	persoana
father	tata	mother	mama	parent	parinte
boy	baiat	girl	fata	child	copil
uncle	unchi	aunt	matusa
husband	sot	wife	sotie	spouse	sot/sotie
nephew	nepot (de unchi)	nice	nepoata (de unchi)
grandson	nepot (de bunic)	granddaughter	nepot (de bunic)
actor	actor	actress	actrita
prince	print	princess	printesa
waiter	chelner	waitress	chelnerita	server	slujitor
rooster	cocos	hen	gaina	chicken	pui
stallion	armasar	mare	iapa	horse	cal

 

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